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NSW Curriculum
NSW Education Standards Authority

11–12Earth and Environmental Science 11–12 Syllabus (2025)

Record of changes
Implementation from 2028
Expand for detailed implementation advice

Content

Year 12

Natural hazards

Relevant Working scientifically outcomes and content must be integrated with each focus area. All the Working scientifically outcomes and content must be addressed by the end of Year 12.

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Volcanic hazards
  • Explain scientific evidence from Aboriginal Oral traditions of past volcanic hazards in Australia

  • Analyse the causes and features of effusive and explosive eruptions

  • Describe the potential hazards and disasters associated with effusive and explosive volcanic eruptions

  • Analyse data and maps to predict the zones along which effusive and explosive volcanic eruptions are likely to occur and relate these to plate boundaries

  • Conduct a secondary-source investigation to explain the causes and effects of lava flows, volcanic bombs, pyroclastic flows, ash clouds and lahars

  • Analyse data to explain the local and global atmospheric effects of large volcanic ash clouds and gas emissions over timescales of days to years and consider implications for the Australian environment

  • Explain the geological causes and effects of the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo and the 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull on the environment and society

  • Explain how prediction technologies and warning systems are used to minimise the impacts of volcanic eruptions

Earthquakes and tsunamis
  • Explain scientific evidence from Aboriginal Oral traditions of past earthquake and tsunami hazards in Australia

  • Analyse the forces and energy transformations involved in the formation of seismic waves

  • Account for the location of earthquake foci at a convergent boundary subduction zone, divergent boundary and transform boundary

  • Relate the frequency, depth and intensity of earthquakes to convergent, divergent and transform tectonic margins

  • Compare the features of P, S, R and L seismic waves

  • Analyse hazards in built environments associated with ground motion caused by seismic waves

  • Explain how building design technologies are used to minimise damage due to earthquakes

  • Conduct a practical investigation to evaluate a model of the effect of earthquake waves on built structures

  • Use examples of tsunamis to analyse their causes and associated hazards and disasters

  • Evaluate the effectiveness of earthquake detection technologies and warning systems

  • Explain how prediction technologies and warning systems are used to minimise the impacts of tsunamis

Meteorological hazards
  • Explain the causes and physical impacts of tropical cyclones, east coast lows, bushfires, droughts, floods and hailstorms in Australia

  • Assess the effectiveness of current forecast modelling and warning technologies for predicting the impact of, and preparing for, tropical cyclones and east coast lows

  • Analyse meteorological factors affecting the frequency and severity of floods, droughts and bushfires

  • Explain how anthropogenic climate change, improper fire management, water overuse and changing land use impact the frequency and severity of floods, droughts and bushfires

  • Analyse the impact of Cultural burning on the reduction of bushfire disasters

  • Conduct a secondary-source investigation to analyse the effectiveness of technologies used to predict and manage the impact of floods, droughts and bushfires

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