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NSW Curriculum
NSW Education Standards Authority

11–12Earth and Environmental Science 11–12 Syllabus (2025)

Record of changes
Implementation from 2028
Expand for detailed implementation advice

Content

Year 12

Sustainability

Relevant Working scientifically outcomes and content must be integrated with each focus area. All the Working scientifically outcomes and content must be addressed by the end of Year 12.

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Sustainability and waste management
  • Discuss the role of the 4 pillars of sustainability in maintaining society and the environment

  • Explain how aspects of sustainability are achieved using Australian renewable and non-renewable resources

  • Conduct a secondary-source investigation to analyse the factors affecting the sustainability of a water resource, mining resource, forestry product and agricultural product

  • Examine the sustainability and resilience of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples’ food systems

  • Conduct a secondary-source investigation to assess the viability of producing useful materials from household waste

  • Use examples to explain how a circular economy can contribute to sustainable consumption and production

  • Conduct a secondary-source investigation to evaluate traditional landfill practices and bioreactors as waste management strategies

  • Use scientific evidence to justify strategies for the safe management of problem wastes

  • Evaluate the effect of waste reduction strategies on the geosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere

Resources and energy futures
  • Conduct a secondary-source investigation to identify the essential materials and minerals required to construct photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, electric motors/generators and batteries

  • Use raw material, land area and mining data to compare the total material use for equivalent nuclear coal fired, natural gas fired, hydroelectric, solar farm and wind farm electricity generation

  • Analyse the demand for fossil fuels in maintaining a non-renewable energy economy, and the impact on mining and carbon dioxide emissions in Australia

  • Analyse the demand for copper and other critical minerals in the renewable and non-renewable energy economy, and the implications for mining in Australia

  • Analyse data to compare the dispatchability, greenhouse gas emissions, wastes and fuel sustainability of operating nuclear, coal fired, natural gas fired, hydroelectric, solar farm and wind farm for electricity generation

  • Examine proposed electricity generation mixes for Australia, with consideration given to demand, capacity, reliability, and environmental, economic and social factors

  • Assess the production of blue and green hydrogen and their potential uses as alternatives to fossil fuels as an energy carrier

  • Conduct a laboratory experiment to demonstrate the production of hydrogen by electrolysis of water and its subsequent combustion

  • Evaluate the impact of reducing the dependence on crude oil as an energy resource for transport

  • Conduct a secondary-source investigation to evaluate energy sources and technologies needed to reduce reliance on fossil fuels for transport

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