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NSW Curriculum
NSW Education Standards Authority

11–12Earth and Environmental Science 11–12 Syllabus (2025)

Implementation from 2028
Expand for detailed implementation advice

Content

Year 12

Evolving Earth

Relevant Working scientifically outcomes and content must be integrated with each focus area. All the Working scientifically outcomes and content must be addressed by the end of Year 12.

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The geological timescale
  • Conduct a laboratory experiment to model the processes of mold, cast and trace fossil formation, and evaluate the Loading  of the Loading 

  • Use sources to make observations of fossils to infer past ecosystem interactions and environmental conditions

  • Outline the characteristics of epochs, periods, eras and eons in terms of relative length, biological and geological changes, events, developments and features

  • Explain the significance of Loading  in developing the geological timescale

  • Explain the principle of Loading  and how extreme events and Loading  fit with this principle

  • Use the Loading , Loading , Loading , Loading , Loading , Loading  and Loading  to determine the age of strata

  • Explain how Loading  can be used to determine the age of geological materials, from recent fossils to the age of the Earth

  • Conduct a Loading  to model the process of radioactive decay in geological materials

  • Explain how evidence from zircon crystals and meteorites is used to estimate the age of the Earth

  • Solve problems relating to the Loading  and Loading  of stratigraphic layers and geological samples, using index fossils, radiometric and Loading  techniques

  • Analyse scientific evidence to draw conclusions about the age of geological materials and the Earth

Development of the biosphere and atmosphere
  • Analyse chemical evolution experiments used to model conditions related to the origin of organic molecules on Earth

  • Evaluate evidence for the possible origin of organic molecules on Earth from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, meteorites and hot springs

  • Describe the effects of the development of photosynthetic organisms on the Loading , Loading , Loading  and Loading 

  • Analyse stromatolites, Loading  fossils and Loading  as evidence of the development of photosynthetic life and the origins of the great oxidation event

  • Relate the development of photosynthetic life to the formation of the ozone layer

Evolutionary changes
  • Conduct a secondary-source investigation to analyse physical characteristics of Ediacaran fossils to infer features of their ecosystems

  • Compare the physical characteristics of Loading  with that of Ediacaran biota

  • Explain possible causes of the Loading 

  • Analyse how fossil evidence indicates changes to ecosystem interactions during the Cambrian period

  • Explain the selection pressures and opportunities that led animals and plants to colonise terrestrial environments during the Palaeozoic era

  • Analyse the environmental conditions and transitional forms needed for the Loading  for plants and animals

  • Explain how mass extinction events affect the diversity and distribution of biological classes

  • Account for observed recoveries after mass extinction events, using the theories of Loading  and Loading 

  • Use models to demonstrate the Loading 

  • Explain how the plate tectonic supercycle influences long-term greenhouse and icehouse conditions and species evolution by altering continental positions, latitudes, and biomes over geological time

  • Analyse evidence about the changing conditions of the biosphere over geological time

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