11–12Biology 11–12 Syllabus (2025)

Interpret Loading  of the structure and composition of eukaryotic Loading , Loading  and Loading 

Conduct a practical investigation to model the process of polypeptide synthesis, demonstrating the role of the template strand, coding strand, uracil, ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase, free-floating RNA nucleotides, mRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA), start Loading , stop codon, tRNA, peptide bonds and Loading 

Explain the roles of mRNA and tRNA in Loading  and translation

Explain the role of Loading  and Loading  in alternative splicing of mRNA sequences

Solve problems using nitrogenous base pairing rules and codon tables to model the expression of a given exonic DNA coding strand, determining the sequence of the template strand, the mRNA and the amino acid sequence

Use an example to explain the relationship between a Loading ’s primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure and function

Explain the function of proteins in living things

Explain the role of protein synthesis in the relationship between DNA sequence and phenotype

Assess how environmental factors influence phenotype

Conduct a Loading  to demonstrate the effect of environment on Loading 

Discuss the role of regulatory RNA in gene expression and its potential biotechnological application

Assess how Loading  changes influence phenotype

Evaluate the importance of polypeptide synthesis in living things

Distinguish between Loading , genes and Loading 

Analyse the processes and the implications of Loading , crossing over, independent assortment, Loading  and fertilisation in creating Loading  in offspring

Use examples to distinguish between autosomal dominant/recessive, codominant and incomplete Loading  inheritance

Compare autosomal, sex-linked and multiple allele inheritance

Use Punnett squares to solve inheritance problems, including autosomal dominant/recessive, codominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles and sex-linked

Explain the difference in genotype and phenotype ratios observed in Punnett squares for sex-linked and autosomal inheritance

Construct and interpret pedigree charts involving autosomal and sex-linked inheritance

Explain how electromagnetic radiation, chemicals and naturally occurring Loading  may result in Loading 

Explain how mutations in coding DNA affects the function of a protein

Use diagrams to distinguish between Loading , insertions and deletions as Loading 

Compare Loading , missense, Loading  and Loading 

Use diagrams to distinguish between duplications, deletions, inversions and translocations as chromosomal mutations

Compare point mutations and chromosomal mutations

Interpret images of karyotypes, showing how Loading  arranged as homologous pairs explain non-disjunction

Analyse the implications of Loading  and Loading  in the context of tumour formation, genetic disease and genetic diversity

Conduct a secondary-source investigation on Loading  (SNPs) in populations and their association with a genetic disease

Assess potential limitations and constraints of SNP testing and databases in diagnostic medicine